Agriculture is both threatened by and contributes to climate change.

Climate effects including heat waves, droughts, and floods are expected to jeopardize many crop production systems. These weather conditions are also likely to induce other stresses like increased activity of crop pests and diseases, leading to additional yield loss. Meanwhile, agricultural production is itself responsible for significant greenhouse gas emissions; major sources from cropland agriculture include conversion of natural ecosystems to cultivated land, nitrous oxide released because of fertilizer application, and methane release from rice paddies.